Community and Society ArchiveWelcome to Community and Society where you will find the latest thoughts and reflections by CLAL faculty and associates on the changing nature of community and society in America today. What are the challenges and opportunities these changes represent for the Jewish people in America at the dawn of a new century? To access the Community and Society Archive, click here."The Future of Family and Tribe," a seminar of CLALs Jewish Public Forum held January 28-29, 2002 in New York City, brought together a dozen leading thinkers on gender, gay rights, adoption, reproductive law, bioethics, and aging. eCLAL is publishing a series of articles based on participants contributions to the seminar. To view other essays from "The Future of Family and Tribe" seminar, click here. This seminar was part of Exploring the Jewish Futures: A Multidimensional Project On the Future of Religion,Ethnicity and Civic Engagement. For more information about the project, click here.
Rabbi Daniel S. Brenner participated in "The Future of Family and Tribe" seminar. He is a Senior Teaching Fellow at CLAL, has served as spiritual leader for the congregation String of Pearls in Princeton, NJ, and as chaplain at the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, the Philadelphia Geriatric Center, and Montgomery County Correctional Facility. He is currently working on CLALs Jewish spiritual guidebook for palliative care. His contribution to the JPF Seminar follows below.
The Future of ForeskinsBy Daniel
S. Brenner
In 1999, the
American Academy of Pediatricians issued a statement that decreed circumcision an elective
surgery. Since then, the number of male babies undergoing circumcision has been in sharp
decline. Many HMOs no longer cover the in-house hospital procedure, and the cut once done
on 85% of males is now performed on less than half of American born boys. Many read this
trend as a reflection of a growing social and environmental consciousness regarding the
ways humans unnecessarily alter nature. Circumcision is not only seen as painful to the
child, but as a violation of the natural human form. Simultaneously,
another seemingly opposite trend is also taking hold -- natural childbirth is in decline.
According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, nearly one in every
four children born in America is delivered via surgical methods. Advocates of natural
childbirth who used to hope that it would be possible to lower the C-section rate under
15% by 2000, are now worried that in fact it will rise above 25% in 2002. Many doctors
prefer their patients of all ages to deliver by C-sections; for women over forty, the
rates of birth by C-section have doubled in recent years. What might these
two trends suggest about the future of parenthood? If they seem like trends that run
counter to each otherback to nature and away from itI would
suggest that in fact both reflect a similar acceptance of the idea that parents do not
need a dramatic physical bond with their newborn child. In an age of genetic determinism,
this seems a somewhat strange attitude, but maybe it is precisely because these days we
imagine ourselves as so linked to our biological offspring through our chemical codes that
we downplay the power of cultural processesexperiences
we ourselves must go through-- that teach us about how our childrens bodies came
from our own and are intimately and deeply connected to us. Of course, I
realize that I am talking about something that is extremely gendered and not applicable to
the many parents who adopt children. For women, breastfeeding and childbirth can be a
direct experience of physical connection with a newborn, what might such a thing be for
men? Circumcision, I believe, is a ritual that has always tried to express this kind of
bond, one that is both highly symbolic and intensely physical. I say this as a
father who has established a strong bond to his children in part because I circumcised my
two sons. I cut my sons even
though I knew that the procedure had been declared medically unnecessary. I knew that I
was causing them pain. I had heard that the lack of a foreskin might diminish their sense
of sexual pleasure. I say all this, and yet when I stood above my boys, scalpel in hand, I
experienced an unparalleled sense of connection to and responsibility for life. The birth
was pure wonder. The circumcision was primal and mysterious, connecting me to flesh and
blood in a violent and careful moment of father-love. Since the
circumcision, Ive been verbally attacked on a number of occasions for what I did by
people who have heard me speak on the subject or read my writing. Ive read or heard
that my actions were barbaric, savage, and criminal.
In an interview I gave to Icon magazine, my
positive opinion on the subject was placed in the context of an article that promoted the
idea that circumcision kills babies. I am featured on the web-site www.sexuallymutilatedchild.org. The
worst was when a woman I met at a benefit dinner called what I did torture. Im not a
doctor. I got the idea of doing the
final cut from a friend of mine in Philadelphia who did his sons. Heres
how it was donethe moyel, ritual surgeon, sets up the procedure by using a
scissors-like device that slips between the penis shaft and the foreskin. Then the moyel
places the foreskin into a stainless steel clamp. The clamp allows the father to remove it
with a single cut of the scalpel. The whole procedure takes less than two minutes. Circumcising my
first born son was harder than I thought it would be. Not the emotional challenge, but the
physical part, the actual slicing involved. It took more elbow grease than I had imagined.
It was easier five minutes later with my second son. So, am I a child
abuser? Should I be locked up? Every parenting
book or magazine I read told me to leave them alone. The video at the birthing center
showed how to clean a foreskin. Our Lamaze teacher talked about the natural beauty of an
intact member. But with over fifty people watching, I quickly uttered a
blessing and did my first surgery. I surprised myself I was more calm and focused
than I could have imagined. Thankfully, the boys didnt cry much their eye
exam a few days earlier was twenty times worse. And, to be honest, there wasnt much
blood. Many Jews I speak
with imagine that as American culture in general moves away from the practice and our own
numbers dwindle through intermarriage, we will be left with only a few die-hard members of
our tribe who will still perform the ceremony. In coming years, choosing the practice will
be much akin to the experience of Jews in Great Britain, where only 1% of the general
population of males is circumcised, and many Jews opt out. This will pose a
dilemma for American Jewish parents. Should circumcision, the tribal marking of
Jewishness established by Abraham (Genesis 17:11) be shunned and replaced by
the rituals that have recently been popularized for Jewish girls? Many of my rabbinic colleagues have already been
asked to conduct such ceremonies. My bet is that this ritual trend will soon be the norm.
In ten years, most Jewish boys will be intact. And lox and bagels will be served at their
naming ceremonies. On the other hand,
if the process were not so bloody and painfulif, say, laser surgery or genetic
engineering could make removing a foreskin a piece of cakewould more opt for it? There is precedent
in Jewish legal tradition for such cases. Since there have always been males who emerged
from the womb foreskin-less, the rabbinic authorities had to create an alternative
ceremony. In such cases, a simple drop of blood, hatafat
dam brit, was extracted from the skin of the penis. (Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah 263:4) Whether it will be
a tiny needle prick, laser surgery or genetic modification, I imagine there might be
medical technologies available to my children when they become parents that would ensure a
relatively painless bris. This could lead to a
return of the practice, albeit under very different circumstances. I also sense that these
technologies will fundamentally change what circumcision as a rite-of-passage has come to
mean to me. I could have just
said some words to my boys, or lit a candle or given a gift. But I believe the blood, the
marking of their bodies, mattered. Maybe on some level we need small, ritualized acts of
violence to curb larger ones. This is how sports work to channel aggression, or dancing in
a mosh-pit, mashing potatoes or chopping firewood. Circumcision, like a gang tattoo, is a
small act of violence that makes a covenant between bodies. It is a moment of betrayal and
danger that produces, paradoxically, a promise of trust and safety. You are now like
me, the mark says, so we will protect one another. Ultimately, I hope
that the moment of ritual violence I performed on my sons will be placed by my sons into a
larger context of love, loyalty and protection that they receive from their father. That
is how I view my own fathers actions, and hope that my sons will view theirs
and so on down the line. The question of how
Jews will remain connected to ancient rites of violence is, of course, not isolated to the
future of foreskins. In the other uses of the knife - ritual slaughter of cows, chickens,
and goats - the entire question of what is kosher may be altered by new technologies.
Clearly the next phase in food development will be to synthesize and produce meat products
without the need for husbandry. Goodbye butcher shops, and steaks that take an hour to
chew, hello kosher cheeseburgers. I am glad that I
chose to use the knife. But I honestly cannot predict what my children will choose if they
have sons. If my hypothetical grandsons are not going to be marked by circumcision as
Jews, how will they be symbolically seen as tribesmen? Will there be a Jew tattoo? A Jew
appendage? A Jew hat? A Jew sticker to slap on the back of your Segue? Our relationships
to our bodies, and to our childrens bodies, have changed enormously over the
millennia, never moreso than through modernitys astounding advances in medical
technology. But we have the power to make choices about our physical connections to the
human beings that carry our DNA, and not just through the technological magic of modern
science, but with our own hands, our own actions, as well. To view other articles by Daniel Brenner, click here. To view other essays from "The Future of Family and Tribe" seminar, click here.
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